Diploes (Intermolecular Bonding)

Dipolar molecules are any molecules that have a positive end, and a negative end.

When a molecule has a dipole it is polarised.

This is a force that binds molecules together.

This is what guides physical states (Whether something is Solid, Gaseous or Liquid etc.)

There are three types of Dipoles:

1- Permanent Dipoles:

HCl molecules have a dipole.

When two atoms sharing a (covalent) bond, and have a really, really, really different electro-negativity (Different charges), they become permanent dipoles, because they're so, so, so attracted to each other. Cute.

HCl has a permanent dipole as Cl has a much higher electronegativity than H.

2- Instantaneous Dipoles:

This happens completely randomly.

This is when the electrons in a molecule suddenly move to one side of the "Cloud", instead of being evenly distributed.

When this happens next to other molecules, Induced Dipoles occur!

3- Induced Dipoles:

This happens completely randomly.

This is when the electrons in a molecule suddenly move to one side of the "Cloud", instead of being evenly distributed.

Badass elements: Fluorine and Bromine

Fluorine is the most reactive Halogen, and is in fact more reactive than most elements in the periodic table as far as I'm aware (Except the badass radioactive ones).

Fluorine is too reactive to be put in glass, this is just an imitation of what Fluorine gas looks like.

Fluorine is a pain to transport, because it tends to react with whatever you put it in.

Fluorine is an oxidising agent with an insane charge density.

Tends to chill around in nature as Calcium Fluoride.

Calcium Fluoride physically looks much like Titanium(IV)Oxide.

Extraction:
CaF  +  H2SO4   --> CaSO4 + 2HF
Uses include Toothpaste, HCFC making and facial surgery.

Bromine is another halogen, named after "Bromos", greek for "Stench".
Bromine can only be transported in lead tanks, or similar, which are very heavy. Therefore, it's often transported by rail.

Mmm Gas-y

Uses include Flame retardants (TBBA), Pharmaceutics, Pesticides, Dyes, Fumigants like Bromoethane.

Industrial terminology

Raw Material: The basic stuff. E.g. Logs, Brine, Rock, Ores...etc
Feedstock: Semi useful things made from the raw materials, such as Chlorine.
BiProduct: Something you accidentally made.
CoProduct: Something you accidentally made, but is useful.

Example:

Making Titanium(IV)Oxide:

Rutile Ore, Rock salt and water ----> Titanium(IV)Oxide, Chlorine and Water ---->Titanium Oxide.

The Rutile Ore, the rock salt and the water are Raw Material/Feedstock. Because it's the input.

Titanium(IV)Oxide is the product. Because it's what you wanted.

Chlorine is the CoProduct. Because it's not what you wanted, but you can still use it for something else.

Extraction of Chlorine

Chlorine lays around in the form of Sodium Chloride.

1- We could use electrolysis to extract it. This is called the "Membrane Cell" method.

• Developed in the 1980s.
• Kinda costly because the semi periemable membrane is made of Teflon.
• Low running cost.
• Produces butt loads of Chlorine.
• Less environmental effects than the Mercury Cell.

Electrolysis is separating 2 substances in an ionic aqueous solution using electric current.
Ions have a charge. When electricity starts running through the aqueous solution, the positive ions get attracted to the cathode (Negative side) and the negative ions get attracted to the Anode (Positive side).

Feedstock is Brine

Co products of Chlorine2 are Hydrogen2 and NaOH

Half equations:

2Cl- --> Cl2 + 2e- (Anode)

2H2O + 2e- --> 2OH- + H2 (Cathode)

2- The Mercury Cell is another way of extracting Chlorine. 

• Mercury is poisonous.
• The Mercury cell is very effective.
• More costly than the Membrane Cell.
• Uses 1.05g of Mercury per ton of Chlorine.
• Becoming less popular with the Membrane Cell around now.

3- There's another method for extracting Chlorine, the Diaphragm Cell.

Works in the same exact way as a Membrane cell, only that it has a Diaphragm in the middle, as opposed to a Membrane. They're both Semi Permeable textures anyway.